生物炭连续施用对农田土壤氮转化微生物及N2O排放的影响

【目的】研究连续添加生物炭6年后对农田土壤氮转化相关微生物功能基因的影响,揭示生物炭影响作物产量和N₂O排放的微生物学机制,并为生物炭的推广使用提供理论依据。【方法】通过在潮土农田设置0（BC0,对照)、2.25（BCL,低量）、6.75（BCM,中量）和11.25 t·hm^-2（BCH,高量）4个秸秆生物炭量处理的田间定位试验,采用田间观测、化学分析、荧光定量PCR（qPCR）技术,系统研究施用生物炭对氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放、氨单加氧酶（amoA）、亚硝酸还原酶（nirK、nirS）、氧化亚氮还原酶（nosZ）基因丰度及夏玉米产量的影响。【结果】与对照BC0处理相比,施用生物炭可显著提高夏玉米籽粒产量,且BCM处理籽粒产量达到最大值10 811 kg·hm^-2,显著降低夏玉米生育期N₂O累积排放量,并以BCM处理减少N₂O排放效果最优。研究还发现,在夏玉米多个生育时期,与对照比较,生物炭施用可以显著提高耕层土壤无机氮储量和土壤含水量。此外,随着生物炭施用量增加,土壤氨氧化古菌（AOA）基因拷贝数在夏玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期均表现为先上升后下降趋势,且两个时期均以BCM处理最高,而氨氧化细菌（AOB）基因拷贝数在夏玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期分别为BCH处理和BCM处理最高。与对照相比,中、高量生物炭施用（BCM、BCH处理）可显著提高夏玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期土壤反硝化作用功能相关基因（nirK、nirS、nosZ）拷贝数。相关性分析表明,夏玉米成熟期土壤N₂O排放通量与土壤硝态氮、土壤含水量、AOA、AOB、nirK、nirS、nosZ呈显著负相关关系。【结论】施用生物炭通过增加土壤微生物氮转化功能基因丰度进而降低土壤N₂O排放,通过增加土壤耕层无机氮储量和土壤水分含量进而提高作物产量,并以中等用量（6.75 t·hm^-2）施用效果最优。     

土壤微生物生物地理学：国内进展与国际前沿

土壤微生物生物地理学是研究土壤中微生物空间分布格局及其随时间变化的一门科学,是土壤微生物学和微生物生态学等领域的研究前沿。近年来,尽管土壤微生物生物地理学研究取得了巨大进展,目前仍面临诸多难题与挑战。本文简要回顾了土壤微生物生物地理学的发展历程,重点介绍近年来我国在森林、草地和农田生态系统中土壤微生物生物地理学研究的主要进展。同时进一步阐述了目前土壤微生物生物地理学研究的国际前沿方向,包括微生物群落空间分布及其驱动机制、群落构建过程与共存网络、微生物地理分布与生态系统功能的关联以及预测微生物群落对全球变化的响应。最后,对土壤微生物生物地理学未来的研究方向进行了展望,强调了清晰的微生物物种定义、微生物群落的时间动态、多组学与合成生物学技术以及高精度的预测模型在土壤微生物生物地理学研究中的重要性。     

Phosphorus fractions and dynamics as affected by land-use changes in the Central Mexican highlands

Land-use change from forest to agriculture in the volcanic ash-derived soils of Mexico has increased over recent decades. It is likely that land uses and management practices, particularly fertilizer use have affected phosphorus (P) distribution and availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of land-use types (native forest and maize mono-cropping), and the related P addition, on the forms and distribution of soil P and their isotopic exchangeability. An Andisol, sampled from a cropping site, along with the contiguous area under native forest was treated with ³²P-labelled potassium phosphate (KH₂³²PO₄). The soil samples were extracted after incubation times of 7, 21, 35 and 49 days. Phosphorus content and ³²P recovery in fractions sequentially extracted were assessed for each incubation time. Total soil P was dominated by inorganic fractions (79 to 86%) in both land-use types. Resin-Pi, bicarbonate extractable inorganic P (Bic-Pi) and sodium hydroxide extractable inorganic P (NaOH_0.1-Pi) were all raised with P addition. However, the proportion of organic P fraction was reduced under cropped soil. The recovery of ³²P in soils with P addition indicates that resin-Pi, Bic-Pi and NaOH_0.1-Pi comprised nearly all the exchangeable P. In native soils with no P addition, more than 19% of the ³²P was recovered in Bic-Po and NaOH_0.1-Po forms. This finding indicates that organic P cycling is crucial when soil Pi reserves are presented in an inadequate amount. Ecologically based management has to be designed for replenishment and succeeding maintenance of soil organic P compounds to increase sustainable agricultural production.     

基于随机森林的高寒湿地地区土地覆盖遥感分类方法

高寒湿地是青藏高原典型独特的生态系统,是全球气候变化的敏感地带和预警区。利用遥感技术快速、准确地分类提取高寒湿地的土地覆盖信息,对当地生态安全监测和保护具有重要意义。本文以若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区为研究区,首先,以高分一号(GF-1)遥感影像为数据源,融合光谱特征、水体指数、地形特征、植被指数和纹理信息等26个变量进行随机森林(Random forest,RF)分类实验;然后,根据袋外数据(Out of bag,OOB)的特征变量重要性得分和精度评价结果,选出高寒湿地地区土地覆盖类型的最优分类方案和特征;最后,对特征变量进行降维,并基于相同的变量,采用极大似然法(Maximum likelihood classification,MLC)、支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)、人工神经网络(Artificial neural network,ANN)和RF等方法进行分类,比较不同方法的优适性。结果表明:结合GF-1影像光谱、水体、植被、纹理特征和地形信息,使用26个变量的RF模型的分类精度最高,总体精度(Overall accuracy,OA)为90.07%,Kappa系数为0.86;通过RF模型的变量重要性分析可以有效选出重要的特征信息,在降低特征变量维度的同时,还能保证较高的分类精度; 4种分类方法中,RF算法是高寒湿地地区较合适的分类方法,OA比MLC基准方法高17.63个百分点,比SVM和ANN等机器学习算法分别高6.98、6.56个百分点。     

Potassium accumulation,partitioning, and remobilization in high-yield spring maize in Northeast China

Potassium (K) plays an important role in maize yield, but K accumulation characteristics in high yielding maize is still not well documented. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the K accumulation characteristics of high yield (HY)（>15 t ha^?1）spring maize compared with medium yield (MY)（10–15 t ha^?1), and low yield (LY)（<10 t ha^?1). The maximum K accumulation stage in maize appeared between V6 and V12 stage (LY, MY, and HY was 125.46, 138.05, and 146.22?kg ha^?1, respectively). Most of the K (94.27–97.13%) was accumulated during vegetative stages. HY exhibited a significantly higher K accumulation than either MY or LY. For different organs, the K remobilization amount of leaf was the highest, and the remobilization amount of stalk was the lowest, the K remobilization amount of leaf and stalk showed as HY?<?MY?<?LY, same as the total K remobilization amount, but the K remobilization amount of sheath and husk plus cob showed the opposite order. These results indicated that sufficient nutrient supply for maize can not only accumulate more K but also delay leaf senescence and maintain high photosynthetic activity, resulting in reduced K remobilization from vegetative organs, and reduced K loss in whole plant.     

Effect of pidotimod on renal function and inflammatory response in rat IgA nephropathy model

AIM:To explore the effect of pidotimod on the renal function in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) rat model, and to further study whether this effect is related to the inhibition of inflammatory response. METHODS:The SD rats (n=36) were randomly divided into control group, IgAN model group, IgAN with prednisone treatment group and IgAN with pidotimod treatment group, with 9 rats in each group. The IgAN model was induced by consecutive oral administration of bovine gamma globulin (BGG) for 8 weeks followed by injection of BGG through tail vein for 3 d. After the IgAN model was established, the drug was continuously used for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment, the urine protein, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were examined by an automated analyzer. IgA deposition in the renal tissues was observed by immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA expression levels of renal fibrosis markers transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and fibronectin 1 in the renal tissues were detected by RT-qPCR. The mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 in the renal tissues were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS:No significant difference of the body weight was observed in different groups. Compared with control group, the content of urine protein, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were significantly increased (P<0.01), whereas those were reversed by pidotimod treatment. The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that pidotimod inhibited IgA deposition in the IgAN rats. Pitomod treatment inhibited the mRNA expression levels of renal fibrosis markers TGF-β1 and fibronectin 1, and the mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in the renal tissues of IgAN rats. CONCLUSION:Pidotimod alleviates IgAN progression in rats by inhibition of inflammatory response.     

Regulatory effect of astragaloside IV on SDF-1α/CXCR4 in EPCs

AIM: To investigate the effects of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α) in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and its mechanism. METHODS: Rat bone marrow-derived EPCs were cultured in vitro. The proliferation, adhesion, migration, apoptosis and tube formation capacity of EPCs treated with AS-IV and AMD3100, a specific blocker of CXCR4, were observed. The effects of AS-IV on the expression of SDF-1α/CXCR4 at mRNA and protein levels and the protein level of p-CXCR4 in the EPCs were determined. RESULTS: AS-IV significantly enhanced the proliferation, adhesion, migration and tube formation abilities of EPCs, reduced the apoptosis of EPCs, and up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of SDF-1α and CXCR4 and the p-CXCR4 protein level in the EPCs. On the other hand, AMD3100 blocked the up-regulating effect of AS-IV on the mRNA and protein expression of CXCR4 and the p-CXCR4 protein level in the EPCs, but did not affect the effect of AS-IV on the expression of SDF-1α. CONCLUSION: AS-IV might enhance the biological function of EPCs by regulating the expression of SDF-1α/CXCR in EPCs.     

花生硬脂酰-ACP酸脱饱和基因FAB2表达的分子机制

FAB2位于油酸合成通路的上游,编码硬脂酰-ACP脱饱和酶,调控硬脂酸(C18:0)向油酸(C18:1)转化。本研究发现高油酸品种开农176种子发育前期FAB2的表达量升高,而成熟期油酸过量积累会抑制FAB2的表达。利用开农176与开农70构建F2杂交群体,发现当植株油酸含量超过60%时会从整体水平上抑制FAB2的表达。种子发育前期,油酸不断积累会导致过氧化物酶活性升高,并且活性氧含量随之增加;但是在种子发育后期均降低,该结果与FAB2的表达量变化趋势相同。亚细胞定位结果表明, FAB2与FAD2分别定位于叶绿体与内质网。FAB2编码区序列多态性分析显示,该蛋白序列氮端的氨基酸结构缺失可能会导致硬脂酸含量升高。FAB2启动子序列存在大量AT碱基的富集区域,并且含有光响应、激素调控、转录因子结合的保守顺式元件。本研究发现过量积累的油酸会激活过氧化物酶介导的活性氧信号途径,进而通过细胞核内的未知转录因子调节上游基因FAB2的表达量,该结果不仅拓展了对FAB2的功能认知,也为培育高油酸花生品种提供了相关的理论指导。     

Resettling,disconnecting or displacing? Attending to local sociality,culture and history in disaster settings

In many disaster settings, top‐down responses emphasise ‘expert‐led’ solutions that often involve relocating disaster‐affected communities. While the intention might be to move people from harm's way and facilitate recovery, failure to attend to local pre‐disaster circumstances as well as the interplay between power, resilience and vulnerability within and around affected communities often sees resettlement reconfigure as displacement or disconnection. This oversight may even usher in a new phase of dispossession and disadvantage for marginalised groups (particularly in colonial settings). This paper explores experiences in Australia, Japan and Taiwan to reflect on what issues of local sociality, local culture and local resilience need to be attended to in framing ‘better’ disaster responses.     

竹花叶病毒浙江麻竹分离物全基因组序列及siRNA分析

正已知有3种病毒可在自然条件下侵染竹类植物,即竹花叶病毒(bamboo mosaic virus,BaMV)~[1]、樱桃坏死锈斑驳病毒(cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus,CNRMV)和苹果茎沟病毒(apple stem grooving virus,ASGV)~[2,3]。其中,BaMV是最早在巴西的金竹(Bambusa vulgaris Cv.)和孝顺竹